LED Light Emitting Diode Downlight is a light fixture that comes with an easy installation process and can be fitted into any blank surface on the ceiling. These are fantastic lighting discoveries with energy-saving capability that can be used in a wide array of applications.

These emit light that is either in the below direction with a narrow and accurate beam. They are used in a very different manner to suit different lighting requirements, with the help of accent lighting, general lighting, and task lighting. These lights are best suited for retail stores, art galleries, theatres, showrooms, malls, and more. They are one versatile option and can create different ambiance as per requirement.

One may confuse this category of lights with the spotlight as they look the same. However, there is an immense difference between the two. The former is installed to the ceiling, whereas the spotlight is fixed on a wall or ceiling as per requirement. The former category shines vertically downwards, whereas the spotlight is the directional light fixture that converges to a small area and plays the role of converting it into a spot.

There are many varieties or types of downlight globes. Depending on your requirement or the make of the already fitted light, the following options can be considered for a better experience. Full information on bathroom regulations can be found on our bathroom light zones page.

A fire rated downlight can stop the spread of a fire between floors. Once a hole is cut into the ceiling, it loses its fire stopping capability allowing the fire to spread between floors through the hole. A fire rated downlight has a special material called an intumescent strip attached to it. In case of fire, the high temperatures cause a chemical reaction in this strip causing it to expand and bridge the hole stopping the fire spreading through it.

For commercial applications, new builds and for properties that are rented out, all downlights must be fire rated when installed in a ceiling with living accommodation above. The minimum fire rating is generally 30 minutes but 60 minutes is desirable.

In other situations, it is entirely up to you but we would always recommend using fire rated down lights when there is living accommodation above.

If in doubt, contact your local council building regulations office who will advise you. This is the most often asked question we get. There is no hard and fast rule and each room may be different depending on its shape and the use to which it is being put.

As a general guide, for ambient lighting in a rectangular room, mains and low voltage recessed down lights should be between 1. Before deciding where to place the downlights it is important to ascertain where the ceiling joists run. Once this has been established it will become clear where they should be placed.

Keep the first down light between 0. Any closer and the light will run straight down the wall and show up every imperfection, even on newly plastered walls. The first downlight still needs to be around 0. This increase in light fittings offsets the reduction in light output from the LED lamps.

They have a dedicated heat sink that dissipates the heat more effectively, which helps to prevent heat from building up like it does inside a fire can. Allow Cookies. Special Offers. Gold Standard Service Over 5, Reviews. What is an LED Downlight? Thanks for reading, this post was produced by Chris Horridge, the UK's downlight connoisseur. The following two tabs change content below. Bio Latest Posts. Latest posts by Chris see all. Posted By: Chris.

I think your article misses an important point - the beam angle. Most normal ceilings and downlight spacing result in pools of light and dark areas if you use the standard 36 degree downlight.

This is particularly the case in say a kitchen where the work surface is only normally about 2. This gives you a 60 degree dimmable GU10 lamp in warm white. I have numerous LED lamps in my house and no failures so far so I think the wide angle is a more important feature than the lamp life.

A wide beam will not allow light to reach the surface that needs to be illuminated. The wide beam option is preferred in ambient or general lighting. Do you wish to direct the light in a specific area? With a fixed LED downlight however, the direction of the light cannot be changed. Therefore, a specific area of a room or space cannot be illuminated.

With a fixed LED Downlight, the direction of light cannot be changed, thus lighting an accent piece is not possible. To obtain roughly the same amount of light in the same room you would need 10 gimbal downlights foot candles versus 18 fixed downlights foot candles depending of the fixture.

What if we were to use fixed LED downlights instead of the LED gimbal downlight for high or sloped ceilings, or for task or accent lighting?

Sign-in Help. Where voluntary alienation occurs. Personal Property Volume 80 Commentary. To view this document in full, take a free trial of LexisLibrary and benefit from: Access to 20 million legal documents from over 1, Sources as part of our archive The ability to download court judgments within 30 minutes of their release New enactments available within 24 hours of publication on legislation.

Miss Mrs. Legal Categories. In the sixteen years since he married his high school sweetheart, Axel has had two kids, worked his way up several rungs of the corporate ladder and now owns a respectable bungalow in a nice, quiet suburb.

However all is not well here; over the years, the emotional distance between Axel and his wife has grown, and they have become less and less functional as both parents and partners. One night, their relationship reaches its tipping point.

Another promise made by the seller is a promise of quiet enjoyment , meaning that the buyer does not have to worry about any third-party claims against ownership of the property in the future. The second type of deed that can be used is called a special warranty deed.

The seller promises everything has been alright since they have owned the property; however, there are no promises before that. This is commonly used by relocation companies who own property for a short time and then resell the property. With a bargain and sale deed , the only promise the seller makes is that the seller owns the property. The fourth type of deed is called a quitclaim deed. This is where the seller quits claiming rights to the property but makes no promises whatsoever.

A quitclaim deed provides the least amount of protection for the buyer because no promises are made, not even the promise of ownership. Quitclaim deeds are typically used to quiet a cloud on the title. A cloud on the title means that something is not quite right, such as an ownership dispute, or a misspelled name. Quitclaim deeds can be used to resolve these types of problems. Real estate can be transferred through a will.

If a person dies with a valid will, we call that testate. Conversely, if a person dies without a valid will, we call that intestate. If a person does die with a valid will, the person named in the will to carry out that will is referred to as the executor. Real estate can also be transferred by what is called involuntary alienation , which is a transfer of property without owner consent. This can happen when a person dies intestate without a valid will , causing the courts to determine who receives the property.

The property then passes according to what we call descent. Descent refers to the person the property will descend to. Property can be transferred through adverse possession , which is basically legalized stealing. That person can then obtain ownership of the property they have been caring for.

This is similar to an easement by prescription; however, adverse possession actually allows one to gain ownership of the entire property, not merely an easement. Another type of involuntary alienation is a foreclosure sale , where one receives a tax deed or a sheriff's deed to a property being auctioned off. Sometimes property can even be transferred by water or wind through a process called erosion. Erosion is a gradual wearing away of soil.

Accretion is a gradual buildup of soil. If we have a slow-changing event where the soil erodes away and builds up somewhere else, one can actually gain or lose land. Let's contrast that with an avulsion , which is a sudden change or sudden transfer.

Continue regular monitoring. Continue monitoring. Continue treatment and monitoring. Continue to see your doctor for treatment and testing. Credits Current as of: December 17, Top of the page Next Section: Related Information. Previous Section: Related Information Top of the page. Current as of: December 17, Your doctor will try to find the cause of your kidney disease and begin treatment.

Your doctor will estimate how quickly your disease is progressing. Your doctor will check you for complications, such as anemia and bone disease, and begin treatment if needed. Decide what type of treatment you want if kidney failure develops. Start dialysis, have a kidney transplant, or choose palliative care.

Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Preliminary methodological comments. Normal reference values for glomerular filtration rate: what do we really know? Pierre Delanaye , Pierre Delanaye. Oxford Academic. Elke Schaeffner. Natalie Ebert. Etienne Cavalier. Christophe Mariat. Jean-Marie Krzesinski. Olivier Moranne. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract In nephrology, chronic kidney disease is defined by both proteinuria and measurement of glomerular filtration rate GFR.

Table 1. Age range. Population and GFR methods. Goldring et al. Open in new tab. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Age changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubular excretory capacity in adult males. Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with glomerular filtration rates in living kidney donors. Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate.

Estimating glomerular filtration rate using the new CKD-EPI equation and other equations in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Do healthy potential kidney donors in India have an average glomerular filtration rate of Reference data for 51Cr-EDTA measurements of the glomerular filtration rate derived from live kidney donors.

Google Scholar PubMed. Errors induced by indexing glomerular filtration rate for body surface area: reductio ad absurdum. Age dependence of renal function: clearance of iohexol and p-aminohippurate in healthy males. Assessment of glomerular filtration rate in healthy subjects and normoalbuminuric diabetic patients: validity of a new MDRD prediction equation. Differences in decline in GFR with age between males and females.

Reference data on clearances of inulin and PAH in potential kidney donors. Studies on renal function in man; with special reference to glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow in pregnancy. Relations of effective renal blood flow and glomerular filtration to tubular excretory mass in normal man. Selection of routine method for determination of glomerular filtration rate in adult patients. Level and determinants of kidney function in a South Asian population in Pakistan.

Estimating glomerular filtration rate in Asian subjects: where do we stand? Changes with age in the renal function in adult man. Clearance of urea. Amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Concentrating ability of the kidneys. Renal function in the elderly: impact of hypertension and cardiac function.

The association between age and nephrosclerosis on renal biopsy among healthy adults. The clinician and estimation of glomerular filtration rate by creatinine-based formulas: current limitations and quo vadis. Glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the US population. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. All-cause mortality attributable to chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study based on adults in Taiwan.

Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Age-specific associations of reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate with concurrent chronic kidney disease complications.

Influence of age and measure of eGFR on the association between renal function and cardiovascular events. Epidemiology and prognostic significance of chronic kidney disease in the elderly—the Three-City prospective cohort study. Lower estimated GFR and higher albuminuria are associated with adverse kidney outcomes in both general and high-risk populations. A collaborative meta-analysis of general and high-risk population cohorts.

Cystatin C and the risk of death and cardiovascular events among elderly persons. Delimitation of plasma creatinine concentration values for assessment of relative renal function in adult patients. Comparison of single-injection multisample renal clearance methods with and without urine collection.

All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals. Issue Section:. Download all slides. Comments 0. Add comment Close comment form modal. I agree to the terms and conditions. You must accept the terms and conditions.

Add comment Cancel. Submit a comment. Comment title. You have entered an invalid code. Submit Cancel. Thank you for submitting a comment on this article. Your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal's discretion. Please check for further notifications by email. View Metrics. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples.

Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. There is little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Krishnan A, Levin A. Laboratory assessment of kidney disease: glomerular filtration rate, urinalysis, and proteinuria. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; chap Landry DW, Bazari H. Approach to the patient with renal disease. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Updated by: David C. Editorial team. Glomerular filtration rate. How the Test is Performed. A blood sample is needed. The formula includes some or all of the following: Age Blood creatinine measurement Ethnicity Sex Height Weight The creatinine clearance test , which involves a hour urine collection, can also provide an estimate of kidney function.

Contact an admin if you have any troubles at all. I'm really curious about the company documentary, you mentioned that Wellesley was also going to featured?

And when will it be out? Thank you so much for the awesome talk :. Oh, and thanks for coming to the talk! So glad so many attended and stayed till the end. For now, though, a fond farewell from me and little Roman.

Ai gonplei ste odon. Anonymous asked: How do you choose where suppletion happens? I know it's most likely to occur in common words, but beyond that, do you just choose words at random to get suppletion, or are there factors that make a certain word a more likely candidate than others?

Anonymous asked: I want to create an a posteriori creole language spoken by a group of humans living in an already-established off-world colony.

What would be the first questions that I'd need to ask myself in order to realistically evolve the language forward? If a creole is descended from two different parent languages, does the descendant creole inherent features like vocab from one, and syntax from the other? Would you be willing to do an AoLI episode dedicated to creole conlangs? Many thanks in advance! Anonymous asked: Just a funny thing: medo body in trigedasleng is also the word we use for "fear" in portuguese lol.

Probably pronounced a little differently. Anonymous asked: Ai bilaik woda op, floudon daun raun hir translates to my hands are full, but what does it translate literally too? Couldnt quite figure it out or understand it. Anonymous asked: Regarding the post on assumed v. Though I can't particularly think of an instance where it would be "useful" to have a formal 'he' vs informal 'he,' one imagines it would not be difficult to implement naturalistically.

Perhaps it would simply be realized similar to honor marking in Japanese. Just some thoughts for the original post. Anonymous asked: what are the best books on languages you can recommend? If you ever want to talk more deeply about stress culture and overcoming academic obstacles at Wellesley or any other academically rigorous college, feel free to message me personally here!

There are constantly events in Boston catered to college students where you can meet people. Many Wellesley students go to frat parties with friends and have met boyfriends that way. People of all types of backgrounds apply and get into Wellesley. The admissions office wants to see students who, yes, care about their academics and learning, but also students who have passions outside of the classroom that they pursue and thoroughly enjoy.

Focus on your academics and do the best you can, but also know that your extracurriculars and application essay matter a lot. Wellesley wants to see well-rounded individuals who are passionate about Wellesley. My advice is to think less about your GPA and more about who you are as a person, why you want to attend Wellesley, and what your unique experience will bring to a place like Wellesley.

And doubles pretty much everywhere else can be hit or miss. Also, feel free to check out the orientation guide here a packing guide is on page Probably Biology or Chemistry but following the Pre-Med track. Wellesley has academic counseling for Pre-Med and Pre-Law students to help you pick the courses that will best prepare you for med school. Ask us your questions, give us your comments, voice your concerns. We bleed blue.

Start here! Want to be a mod? Meet the Mods Wellesley Elsewhere. Where exactly in Health Services can I find the condoms and whatnot? I just want to strut in there and know exactly where to go so I don't have to ask anyone about it in person.

Are the sex stuff visible right when you walk in? Hi all! I'm currently a senior and I'm considering Wellesley for my ED; it has the right mix of women's college, stellar academics, and enough name recognition to get me a job i hope.

Basically, I'm not a "Wendy.

The obvious answer to this is project managers. But everyone who has to manage projects in their roles can benefit from creating project plans before starting a new project, especially in cases of similar or recurring projects. A project plan saves you the time it takes to recreate the same project over again.

Team members and stakeholders involved in the project and its results may provide input, expertise, costs, and other relevant information to be added in and approved before the project manager puts finishing touches on the project plan.

Project plans are important because they provide a shared vision for what the project aims to accomplish. This shared understanding keeps the team working together to achieve the project's goals and deliver excellent results. Project plans give clarity on the responsibilities of each team member and stakeholder in the project. They also organize the project's work from start to finish and prevent extraneous work from crowding out critical tasks.

Project plans can become a powerful communication tool within the team throughout the project. They serve as an important written reference for the project manager, team members, and external stakeholders. These plans also help to mitigate risk and maintain quality at all stages of the project — from planning to completion. There are essential elements you must include to create a good project plan. Keep in mind that creating and working with a flawed project plan is just as bad as working without one.

Timeline, costs, and deliverables should be detailed clearly to show the scope of your project. How important is this project to the organizational objectives? How does it tie in with the goals for the year or quarter? What do the involved stakeholders expect?

These are a few questions you can ask to outline and align the new project with your organization and stakeholder needs. Even though a project plan is a living set of documents that is sure to change during the project, it is necessary to set a deliberate course to meet the project objectives. As a project manager, you should analyze the needs of all parties involved in the project and determine the requirements to achieve them.

What objectives must the project achieve to be successful? What features and capabilities should the deliverables have? The project scope statement is one of the most essential elements of a project plan. It forms a foundation for the rest of the project plan. In the project scope statement , the project manager finalizes and records all project details to get everyone involved on the same page. This statement describes the project and its steps and requirements. It is usually the reference to get agreement and buy-in from external stakeholders involved in the project.

From the preparation of the project scope statement , you should now have a clearer idea of the deliverables and outcomes to be delivered to complete this project. The project plan identifies the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders. The project manager gets clarity and agreement on what will be done, by whom, as well as which decisions each stakeholder will make.

The scope of work statement is one of the most important documents in the project plan. The scope includes the business need and business problem, the project objectives, deliverables, and key milestones. Project baselines are established in the project plan. If the project manager is concerned about a task, they know exactly who to meet with regarding that concern.

The project manager is responsible for dispersing these resources appropriately. For a project that has vendors, the project manager ensures deliverables are completed according to contract terms, paying particular attention to quality.

Some project budgets link to the human resources plan. It's important to establish the cost for each milestone and deliverable by looking at how much time is required, and the labor cost involved to complete the tasks.

The cost of the project is tied to how long the project takes, which goes back to the scope of the project. The scope, milestones, tasks, and budget must be aligned and realistic. The human resources plan shows how the project will be staffed. Sometimes known as the staffing plan, the HR plan defines who will be on the project team and how much of a time commitment each person is expected to make.

In developing this plan, the project manager negotiates with team members and their supervisors on how much time each team member can devote to the project. If additional staff is needed to consult on the project but are is part of the project team, that also is documented in the staffing plan. Again, appropriate supervisors are consulted. Many things can go wrong on a project. While anticipating every possible disaster or minor hiccup is challenging, many pitfalls can be predicted.

In the risk management plan, the project manager identifies risks to the project , the likelihood those scenarios will happen, and strategies to mitigate them. To formulate this plan, the project manager seeks input from the project sponsor, project team, stakeholders, and internal experts. Mitigation strategies are put into place for risks that are likely to occur or have high costs associated with them.

A communications plan outlines how a project will be communicated to various audiences. Much like the work breakdown structure, a communications plan assigns responsibility for completing each component to a project team member. In this step, it's important to outline how issues will be communicated and resolved within the team and how often communication will be done to the team and the stakeholders or the boss. Be thorough in your research to uncover critical project details, and ask thoughtful questions before you commit to anything.

Schedule time with your main project contact, and ask them some tough questions about process, organizational politics, and general risks before creating a project plan. This will give project stakeholders confidence that your team has the experience to handle any difficult personality or situation. It also shows you care about the success of the project from the start.

See a list of sample interview questions to ask stakeholders so you can develop better project plans. Sit down with your team and get to know their:. Understanding these basics about your team will help you craft a thoughtful plan that takes their work styles and bandwidth into consideration. After all, a happy team delivers better projects. Take some time to think about the discussions you had in the pre-planning phase and the approach your team might take to meet the project goals.

Sit down with a pen and paper or a whiteboard , and outline how the project should work at a high level. Be sure you have a calendar close by to check dates.

Any solid project plan should answer these questions:. A first outline can be very rough and might look something like a work breakdown structure , as noted in our chapter on project estimation. Make sure your project plan outline includes the following components:. Considering these elements will help you avoid surprises—or at least minimize them. This enables you to invite discussion about what might work rather than simply dictating a process.

After all, every project must begin with clear communication of the project goals and the effort required to meet them. As a project manager, you can decide on Agile vs. Waterfall approaches , but when it comes down to it, you need to know that the team can realistically execute the plan.

You can also use this project plan review time to question your own thinking and push the team to take a new approach to the work. Or can you have two resources working on the same task at once?

Running ideas by the team and having an open dialogue about the approach not only helps you build a more accurate project plan. It gets everyone thinking about the project in the same terms. This type of buy-in and communication builds trust and gets people excited about working together to solve a goal. It can work wonders for the greater good of your team and project. You should feel comfortable enough at this point to put together a rock-solid project schedule using whatever tool works for you.

Ahem, TeamGantt works nicely for a lot of happy customers. Make sure tasks, durations, milestones, and dates are crystal-clear, and try to keep your project plan simple. The easier it is to read, the better! See the steps for creating a project plan in TeamGantt. Be as flexible as possible when it comes to how your project plan is presented.

By Mayo Clinic Staff. Thank you for Subscribing Our Housecall e-newsletter will keep you up-to-date on the latest health information. Please try again. Something went wrong on our side, please try again. Show references AskMayoExpert. Seasonal affective disorder SAD. Rochester, Minn. Martensson B, et al. Bright white light therapy in depression: A critical review of the evidence. Journal of Affective Disorders. Sanassi LA. Seasonal affective disorder: Is there light at the end of the tunnel?

Avery D. Seasonal affective disorder: Treatment. Accessed Feb. Melrose S. Seasonal affective disorder: An overview of assessment and treatment approaches. Depression Research and Treatment. Kurlansik SL, et al. Seasonal affective disorder. American Family Physician. HappyLight Alba is the latest therapy lamp from Verilux, and it offers the same features as the HappyLight Luxe in a smaller size and for less money.

It has four brightness settings, three color temperature settings and a timer that you can set in minute intervals up to an hour. The round shape is a departure for Verilux, which traditionally makes rectangle panels. At just 5. Given that bigger light panels are considered better for delivering as much light as possible in the least amount of time, I'm inclined to pick a bigger lamp, such as the HappyLight Luxe or VT31, over this.

However, you can't beat this lamp for features and price. Plus, you get a larger light panel than the Lumos. If those settings really call to you, then this lamp is a good buy. Personally, I get by just fine without them. The Theralite has a clever design, but not enough features to blow me away. This lightweight and compact light box has a 5- by 8-inch light panel, plus a built-in cover and stand, which makes it good for traveling.

However, it is considerably thicker than the other lamps on this list. It has one brightness setting -- 10, lux -- and a simple on-off switch. I like that you can adjust the angle of the stand, change the height of the light and rotate the light between portrait and landscape orientations. It's not the best compact therapy light in my book, and I'm not convinced that this is the best travel light either.

I'd rather make room in my bag for the Verilux HappyLight or the Lumos, since it can be folded and rotated to make it thin and compact. The Carex Day-light Classic Plus lamp is by far the largest lamp on this list, with a light panel that's While that's just barely bigger than the Boxelite, the lamp's larger stand makes it take up far more space, measuring There's an adjustable stand that positions the light panel at eye level or above with the light shining down, which, according to some sources , is important.

Still, this lamp is a behemoth and something you'll likely need to make room for in your home. Because it's big and heavy, stashing it away when you're done using it each day isn't practical.

This bright light therapy lamp doesn't get any accolades for style -- it looks like a flat screen TV. I could get past the dated design if the lamp felt sturdy, but the fit and finish is sloppy, with gaps between the plastic pieces and buttons to adjust the stand that are hard to press. It comes with two light modes: Task 5, lux and Therapy 10, lux. Like the Northern Light Boxelite, the Carex Day-light Classic Plus is better suited for someone who gets very little natural daylight, such as someone who works in a windowless office or lives in areas that get limited natural light in the winter.

If you don't mind unwieldy size and dated design, and want to save a few dollars from the Boxelite, this will serve you well. The most important features you should be looking at when buying a light therapy lamp are the light intensity and the type of light that's emitted. Research supports using a SAD lamp with up to 10, lux as a therapy for depression. Another key is that you don't want a sun lamp that emits UV rays or at least filters them out , as that can cause damage to your eyes and skin.

While you're not supposed to stare directly into a light therapy lamp, you still don't want to expose yourself to daily UV radiation while trying to treat your seasonal depression. Size is important, to a point. The most common treatment for SAD is light therapy, a. Almost all the experts we spoke to emphasize that a good SAD lamp should have a large light surface, about 12 inches by 18 inches.

It also needs a brightness level of 10, lux, a viewing angle that allows it to be positioned above your eyes and at a slight downward angle to minimize glare, and UV-blocking ability. As doctors and researchers, many of them did not want to endorse specific brands, but they did provide pretty specific criteria for SAD lamps which all of the options below meet.

For the best results, the experts say to use a SAD lamp first thing in the morning; position it about 14 inches away from your face for 20 to 30 minutes. With a larger light, you can move your head naturally without worrying about losing optimal contact with the light.

This lamp by Carex, a company often used in research trials, has a big screen with plenty of surface area. This model is positioned at a downward-facing angle, something many of our experts recommend. This light, also from Carex, shares all the expert-recommended features of the Day-Light Classic Plus: large screen, adjustable tilt, and 10, lux at up to 14 inches.

But it likewise offers two light settings, one specifically for light therapy and the other for working-at-home tasks at your desk requiring a lower lux level. Sabrina Romanoff. If it is something you plan to keep in the closet, you are less likely to actually remember to use it and incorporate it into your daily routine.

The Center for Environmental Therapeutics , a nonprofit research and education institution, is perhaps the leading authority on SAD and light therapy. Light therapy beginners should direct any questions or concerns to their doctor or therapist and seek out individualized guidance on light frequency and intensity.

As a previous fitness coach, long-time wellness enthusiast, and current health editor, Lily Moe understands the importance of products that meet your individual requirements. After moving from sunny Arizona to Brooklyn, New York, Lily experienced seasonal affective disorder firsthand and recognized the value of light therapy lamps.

Most importantly, Lily always looks for research and firsthand reviews when it comes to deciding on a product. Additional reporting by Tori Zhou. She enjoys staying up-to-date on wellness trends and products with a focus on holistic health. Everything feels more challenging when you're dealing with depression. Get our free guide when you sign up for our newsletter. Melrose S. Seasonal affective disorder: an overview of assessment and treatment approaches.

Depress Res Treat. Bright-light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders. Transcranial bright light treatment via the ear canals in seasonal affective disorder: A randomized, double-blind dose-response study.

BMC Psychiatry. D MCM. Seasonal affective disorder: bring on the light. Harvard Health Blog. Seasonal affective disorder: using light therapy michigan medicine. Health Essentials from Cleveland Clinic. September 18, Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for VerywellMind. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page.

These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data. We and our partners process data to: Actively scan device characteristics for identification. I Accept Show Purposes. By Lily Moe. Lily Moe. Learn about our editorial process. Tori Zhou. Updated on November 03, Our Top Picks.

Best Overall:. A solid addition to your morning routine, its portable size ensures on-the-go benefits thanks to its 10, lux brightness. Best Floor Lamp:. The floor lamp will energize anyone nearby with its bulb of 1, lumens, lasting up to seven months before needing replacement.

Best Budget:. A solid pick if you prioritize affordability, it features flicker elimination technology for reduced eye strain. Best Desk Lamp:. A customizable complement to your desk setup, it's complete with an adjustable height and angle and four light settings.

Best for SAD:. Highly recommended for those who experience SAD, it blocks 99 percent of UV rays and works to improve sleep and boost mood levels. Best Design:.

Customers are beginning to understand that their true value to companies goes well beyond their wallets. This is the age of the empowered customer, when a single complaint on social media can cost a business millions of dollars, an online review can shape the fortune of a restaurant and feedback can significantly affect business decisions.

The dynamics of the relationship have shifted so customers have more power in their relationships with companies. As a result, the attention, data and opinions that customers are willing to provide companies have taken on significant value.

Customers are starting to recognize their nonmonetary value and in return they expect more than a receipt and a thank you. In , creating quality products and delivering exceptional services will be table stakes. They will no longer be enough to differentiate a single company from the competition. Instead, companies will need to consider the true value of their customer relationships and provide meaningful value in return.

Here are four strategies for businesses to be sure customers keep coming back. Companies need to see their customers as people not data points. They must to find a way to be personal with their customers and connect with them on a human level. An enormous benefit of companies getting to know their customers as individuals is being able to provide them personalized experiences.

Bespoke service is in. Your website should be pleasing to the eye and easy to navigate. Make your contact information readily available. Listen to your customers Another great way to retain customers is to get feedback on what your customers like and dislike about your business. Stay in communications with your customers Look at your existing customers as a major group to focus your marketing efforts.

Reward your most loyal customers Customers love to feel special, so make them feel special! Offering a free drink after 5 stars. Grandfathering in prices for long-term customers when price rates increase.

Sending surprises after a certain number of orders Giving one month free if customer purchases a year-long subscription etc. Make Saw. Twitter Tweet. Facebook Share. Stay Connected Join over , of your peers and receive our weekly newsletter which features the top trends, news and expert analysis to help keep you ahead of the curve.

Get the best of B2C in your inbox: Subscribe to our newsletter Sign up. Your subscription was successful. Popular Articles. The researchers concluded that the mints created the feeling of a personalized experience among the customers who received them. So it was the personalized service received that made them enjoy their experience so much more — and brought them back. Cultivating shared values means taking an interest in your clients and their business.

Do some research on their business, understand how you play a role in their day-to-day activities, and use this information to strengthen your relationship. Anticipatory service is a proactive approach to customer service. Instead of waiting for problems to occur, a company that implements anticipatory service can eliminate problems before they happen.

When it comes to customer service that keeps people coming back, the research shows that quality matters more than speed. Use this time wisely, though; have employees attempt to find out key customer traits. The best way to improve your customer service efforts is to utilize the channel your customers most prefer. Although recent research has shown that a majority of people still prefer and use email more than other services including social networking , you need to pick the channel that makes the most sense for your business.

Countless case studies have made one thing clear when it comes to creating an efficient support system: you need to keep everybody in the loop, customers and employees. The key to creating customer loyalty programs that work is to know why customers use them and what gets customers to keep using them.

Consumer researchers Joseph Nunes and Xavier Dreze found that people are twice as likely to keep using their loyalty cards if they are rewarded as soon as they sign up. Be sure to protect the investment you made in earning their business the first time by taking the best possible care of them once they are in the fold.

After the sale, devote resources to continuing to build the relationship instead of merely setting your sights on the next transaction. Opportunities can include being active on social media, sending clients a special incentive, and regular communication such as email newsletters. However, there is a fine line between keeping in touch and becoming a nuisance. Your communication should be meaningful and have a purpose.

A customer may have hired you once, but that doesn't guarantee they will think of you the next time they need the services you offer. You are competing for their attention amidst a million other distractions every day this is true with both retail and business-to-business companies. If you provide services to other companies and you haven't heard from them in a while, reach out and let your contact know you would appreciate their future business.

Give your customers a reason to shop with you again.

Your current city: Mumbai Mumbai search close. All Bombay Times print stories are available on. We serve personalized stories based on the selected city OK. Go to TOI. The Times of India. Are you left brained or right brained? Do diseases have a smell? Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Subtle signs you must never ignore. Unisex hijab by rapper Ghali Amdouni is the hot thing in fashion world. Most stylish pictures of Rajkummar Rao and Patralekhaa.

Patralekhaa is all set to wear a Sabyasachi sari and lehenga for her wedding with Rajkummar Rao. Priyanka Chopra Jonas is blessing our feed with some uber stylish looks. Karishma Tanna flaunts her decolletage in a pantsuit. Amy Winehouse's last dress sells for a whopping INR 1.

Does putting cabbage relieve swelling and stop breastfeeding? Decoding the big viral hack. Kajol's take on gender-equal parenting hits all the right notes in this video. Signs you are being too strict as a parent. Healthy ways to help your underweight child gain weight. You can't be a basketcase, a girl who causes a scene or a girl who drinks too much. Why would he want to bring all that into his life? Men fall in love with women who doesn't make his life harder.

Is it okay to play some games? Is it okay to give him a hard time sometimes to keep him on his toes? Of course. And is it okay to pick your spots to make a point? However, there is a difference between giving a guy a hard time and making his life hard. Men fall in love with women who are helpful and help them take care of things. A man wants to be with a woman who will be a partner and help him get out of jams, help him think of things he forgot to remember, and help him improve his life.

Try to stay ahead of the curve. Men would rather have more praise, more acknowledgment of what they do right and recognition that they are great guys who are loved and appreciated.

Women think that men do not value a woman's opinion, support, or praise. Women also believe men do not care about many things that are important to women, which is why women criticize. Criticism can be a way to verbalize resentment. Most men want acknowledgment and appreciation from women. Learning to acknowledge instead of making your partner wrong is one of the most powerful relationship survival tools available to you. Need hope and encouragement about your relationship struggles?

You don't have to face this alone. Just fill out the form in the "Connect" tab below. You can use your real name or a fake one. It's up to you. This article was written by: Rinatta Paries. You don't have to journey alone. Fill in the form below and one of our mentors will respond as soon as possible. It's confidential and always free. Our mentors are not counsellors. They are ordinary people willing to join people on their journey in a compassionate and respectful manner.

We ask for gender and age to assign you the appropriate mentor. Do you live under the same roof but feel a million miles away from the person you married? It goes without saying that an ideal woman is one who respects herself. She also genuinely respects her man.

The relationship is going to be faced with certain challenges and hurdles and men are always interested in knowing how women handle their problems.

Will he have to run to your aid every time you face challenges or can he rest assured that his woman can handle it? A woman with a good sense of humour can get it any day.

After your clothes are washed and clean, those little sheets add a final touch of softness and freshness to your finished load. Have you ever had a sock stubbornly clinging to the arm of your sweater? Or maybe picked up a freshly washed shirt, only to feel a weird stiff texture instead of the warm softness expected? When clothes are tumbling together in the dryer, they can become stuck together through static electricity. But fabric softeners, and especially dryer sheets, can help prevent this.

Just throwing a dryer sheet into your tumble dryer with your load may actually make your clothes more pleasant to wear. But, what are dryer sheets? How do they work and what exactly do dryer sheets…do? Plus, it will not leave any grime on your clothing, and it can be reused for months, which can save a lot of money on your laundry! Here are a few ways not to use it.

Don't always use fabric softener when you wash your towels. Avoid using fabric softener on certain fabrics. Skip the fabric softener on baby items. Don't pour fabric softener directly on your clothes.

Don't use fabric softener at all if you prefer something more natural. If you're out of dryer sheets, use vinegar on a washcloth instead. Another great home alternative for fabric softener if you usually add it into your washing machine is baking soda. Wool Dryer Balls. Aluminum Foil!

Make Your Own Dryer Sheets. Tip: Reusing Dryer Sheets To get a better value from them, reuse them. A sheet can be used four times.

Each time you use one , cut a bit off a corner. Toss the sheet after the fourth use. Here's some information you might find surprising: One of the ways to prevent all kinds of wrinkles in your clothes is to dry them with a dryer sheet, which contains softening agents.

Both fabric softeners and dryer sheets help eliminate static and wrinkles while making clothes feel softer and smell better. However, they work in different ways. Liquid fabric softener is added to the wash cycle and permeates into fabric fibers.

Dryer sheets reduce static and increase the cottony feel of fabrics. How do they stop your Christmas sweaters from sticking together in ball of holiday horror? My clothes are already clean.

For those of you who have forgotten to add one in when drying, you know that final buzz from the machine means being shocked many times when removing your load.

Dryer sheets are used to create a guard against the buildup of static electricity in most fabrics. To top it off, dryer sheets add a certain burst of freshness and a pleasing scent. You can look at the dryer sheet as the garnish to your perfectly washed load of laundry. If a science question's got you charged up, call us at why-isit. Or e-mail us from our website, www.

Static electricity doesn't just happen in the dryer. You can see it in many other situations, like when you walk across a dry carpet and then touch a metal doorknob, or when you rub two balloons together. In every case, though, some kind of friction is involved.

Although static electricity depends on friction, it isn't caused by friction itself. Rather, it's caused by adhesive forces between the molecules on the surface of the materials. To use laundry as an example: Your socks, like anything else on earth, are made up of atoms.

Each of these atoms can be pictured as shells of electrons orbiting a nucleus. As you might remember from chemistry class, there's a maximum number of electrons that can fit in each shell usually eight.

Atoms are more stable when their outer shell is full.

Its amphibious body is covered with a soft felt-like under fur that is 1 inch thick. This under layer of barbed hairs is called fur-wool and it is covered by a protective over layer of coarse guard hairs measuring about 2 inches in length. The farther north the beaver lives, the thicker the fur coat is. Fur can be exploited to produce fancy fur or staple fur. Fancy fur is the fur of the furrier, who makes coats well known for their luster and warmth. Staple fur is the under layer of fur-wool which has been removed from the pelt and separated from its protective guard hairs.

This is the fur of the felt maker and the hatter. While most furs can be used as fancy, only a limited number of animals skins have the special quality needed for the making of hats. Beaver is most perfectly made for felting purposes because of the barbed or spiccated nature of its under-fur. Examined through a microscope, it can be seen that over the entire surface of beaver under-fur lies a series of scales that appear to overlap each other.

The edges of these lie all one way and thus give the fibre the impulse to travel in the opposite direction for these "staples" or "edges" catch when pressed against each other. As a result, beaver felt keeps it's shape under rough handling and successive wettings, and it does so better that any felt made from wool or other pelts. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the process for making a beaver hat was lengthy 7 hours and required over 30 procedures conducted by various specialists.

Beaver skins were stripped of their outer guard-hair and turned into felt through a complex process of combing, beating and drying.

Depending on the price and quality of the hat, the size of the beaver pelts, and the richness of the felt, a single hat needed between 1 to 5 full-grown male pelts for its production. Cheaper hats, such as those worn by soldiers, combined beaver, horse, and rabbit fur in order to make them less expensive to manufacture. The pelt just arrived in the hatter's workshop was rough, greasy and covered with coarse hair, under which was the fine felt.

The guard-hairs were first removed with a knife or tweezers. The pelt was then spread with a chemical solution of nitrate of mercury, which caused small scales to raise on each felt fiber.

This increased the felt's matting capacity and gave it a reddish color. However, constant exposure to mercury fumes attacked the nervous system of hatters, thus causing muscle twitching as well as difficulties in speech and thought, which is how the expression "mad as a hatter" appeared. In turn, the pelt was dried and the under-fur was shaved off. To separate the remaining guard hairs from the under-fur, hatters used a tool similar to a bow.

The mix of felt and hair was vibrated and the long coarse hairs gradually fell into traps on the hatter's table. Once the felt was separated from the skin, it was manipulated to form 3 or 4 flat and triangular pieces called "capades", each looking like a piece of pie.

Each capade was wrapped in a leather skin and placed on a wooden bench with a heated iron plate placed in the center. This strengthened and condensed the capades and allowed the hatter to bring them together to form a single cone-shaped piece of felt.

Because the hat body was still very large at this point, it required further shrinkage and toughening. It was thus placed in a large kettle filled with a hot mix of water, sulfuric acid, beer-grounds and wine lees. After the hat body was immersed in this solution over and over again, it was worked by hand or with a rolling pin.

This combined use of pressure, heat and moisture helped reduce the felt to about half its original size. This was done until the texture became firm and was ready to draw over a wooden mould, on which the material was worked to give it a desired shape and style. The shrunken hat body was stripped of its cone-shaped top and placed in a copper container filled with a dye. The hat was kept in this boiling mixture for about 45 minutes before being removed to cool. This was done several times until the hat obtained the desired color.

Other entities, including the North West Company , also issued tokens in exchange for pelts. For example, one beaver pelt could buy either one brass kettle, one and a half pounds of gunpowder, a pair of shoes, two shirts, a blanket, eight knives, two pounds of sugar or a gallon of brandy. Ten to twelve pelts could buy a long gun, while four pelts would purchase a pistol. The HBC produced brass Made Beaver tokens in the s, and continued to exchange pelts for tokens until Though the fur trade declined in economic importance beginning in the early 19th century, the beaver pelt was an essential part of the development of relations between Aboriginal peoples and European settlers.

The Standard of Trade See how much one beaver pelt was worth in commodities in From hbcheritage. Search The Canadian Encyclopedia. Remember me. I forgot my password. Why sign up? Create Account. For everyday use or costume and decoration , furs have been used for the production of outterware such as coats and cape, garment and shoe lining, a variety of head coverings, and ornamental trim and trappings.

European and Asian trade in felts and fur stretched back centuries, if not millennium. Depending on the supply of animals, Russian, Northern Scandinavia, and Central Asia were the major supplies of this trade through the 15 th century. Furs were supplied to the Mediterranean and Middle East through Constantinople. This trade can be traced back to the Classical Greek and Roman periods, and through to the modern era.

In the ninth and tenth centuries, Scandinavian and Viking Rus traders traded to Northern and central Europe a variety of furs including: marten, reindeer, bear, otter, sable, ermine, black and white fox, and beaver. Due to the strength and malleable quality of felts, they were used extensively in hat making. The physical structure of beaver fur predisposes it to the felting process, making it a highly desirable fur for felt production.

Crean suggests that wool felting likely spread to western Europe after the sack of Kiev by the Tarters in , when artisans fled west.

However, beave r felting techniques did not diffuse westward, and the beaver felting industry remained centralized in Russia until the late 17 th century. With a monopoly on both supply and industry, the Russians developed and refined techniques for processing beaver fur.

Essential to the felting process was a step known as combing, which separated the beaver's guard hairs from the downy under wool that was desired f or felts.

The careful guarding of this trade secret helped to maintain the Russian monopoly. Nonethel ess, George Stubbes reported in his Anatomie of Abuses that beaver hats were sold at 40 shillings a piece and were "fetched from beyond the sea," [5] indicating that the British industry was not, or was not able, to completely control the domestic market.

Unfortunately, due to population depletion of the European beaver, by nearly all exports of beaver fur and felts from Russia stopped. England, France, and the Netherlands had all established North American colonies by the early-to-mid 17 th century.

Although beaver populations could be found all over North America, beaver in the northern parts of the continent contained the fuller coats that were more desirable in the fur trade. Because there were no physical differences between the north American beaver Castor canadensis and the European beaver Castor fiber , the American beaver was an easy substitute for the near-extinct European beaver.

Both the superior ecological familiarity, and well-developed hunting and trapping skill sets of native hunters were essential to providing a steady supply of beaver from North America. Within the colony itself, trade functioned as both an economic exchange and a means of establishing alliances between Europeans and their Native American neighbors.

The exchange of goods inhabited a realm that tied two cultures together economically, symbolically and politically. An open market for European goods in the colonies, and the supply of raw material from the colonies to Europe, helped drive the colonial economy.

The introduction of steel tools and gun powder weaponry transformed indigenous American society. The Europeans, on the other hand, heavily relied upon their Native American neighbors for access to American resources, such as the beaver.

The long answer is it depends on your camera, the image size and the quality of your jpeg. The Math! Understanding the fundamentals in determining digital image size can go a long way in helping you plan ahead for your media, archival discs, RAM and other digital storage memory needs.

But, to do so will requires some good old fashioned mathematics. To obtain the height or length of an image in pixels, the height or length need only be multiplied by the DPI. For example, a 6-inch x 8-inch photo with DPI is calculated by multiplying 6 X and 8 x , which equals x pixels.

Hope it works out for you. If you need help, just comment me your question. Aug 15, PM. Put your image files in a folder and check the size of the folder. If it's MB or less use a CD as it will be cheaper. If it's larger then you'll need to use a DVD disk. More Less. Communities Get Support. Sign in Sign in Sign in corporate. Let us digitize your old photos and help you preserve your family memories for the next generation.

Our customers rely on us to deliver a top-quality product that is affordable, with a fast turnaround time. Visit the order form here when you are ready. Call us today to place your order People in every state have trusted the dedicated staff at Memory Fortress with their precious memories. North Carolina. West Virginia. South Carolina. Terms and Conditions - Privacy Policy. Does Walmart make photo CDs? Also included is our Digital Album Organizer for viewingand editing your photos on your desktop Windows only.

A Photo CD lets you permanently store yourirreplaceable photo files at the highest resolutionpossible. Bogumila Kleinke Teacher. Can Walgreens put pictures on a CD? At this time, the only photo CD that is availablefor prints is available at the store.

Although print CDs are available to order, custom photo CDs that you can choose all the images you wantto put on a CD without having to order prints are notavailable to be ordered on our website. Abdeljebbar Subiranas Supporter. How do I burn photos to a CD on Windows 10? Open your Pictures folder from the desktop, select your desiredphotos, click the Share tab from the Ribbon along the top, andclick the Burn to Disc icon.

Al Pordomingo Supporter. What is the best way to save photos from computer? Here are a few options to secure your belovedmemories:. Back-up your hard drive. Use online storage. Print your images and place them in a photo album. Save your prints, too! Caitlyn Donaire Beginner. Can you put pictures on a CD? If the front of your disc drive says " CD -RW","burner" or "writer" then you know it can burn discs.

Make sure you 're using the right disc. If it only has an "R"on the end it is 'write once' and can be used for archivingyour photos. Idalba Ussard Beginner.

So what exactly is going on when you get high? Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that interact with receptors in your brain. Hill says. Dopamine is the same chemical your brain releases when you play Call of Duty or bone your Tinder date. It basically gives you a hit of pleasure. But before you equate weed, sex, and CoD , just stop for a minute and appreciate the fact your body is designed to receive molecules from the cannabis plant Fatalities directly attributable to cannabis are rare.

Cannabis oil hash oil is often produced locally from cannabis or cannabis resin by means of solvent extraction. Intensive indoor cultivation has become widespread in Europe and elsewhere. This is based on improved seed varieties and procedures such as artificial heating and lighting, hydroponic cultivation in nutrient solutions and propagation of cuttings of female plants.

As with other naturally occurring drugs of misuse e. Cannabis is usually smoked, often mixed with tobacco or in a smoking device bong. Because THC has a low water solubility, ingestion of cannabis leads to poor absorption.

Cannabis cigarettes may be termed reefers, joints or spliffs. Although the leaves of Cannabis sativa are reasonably characteristic, cannabis and cannabis resin can both be positively identified by low-power microscopy, where the appearance of glandular trichomes and cystolithic hairs is diagnostic.

The Duquenois test is considered to be specific for cannabinols. It is based on the reaction of cannabis extracts with p -dimethylbenzaldehyde. This produces a violet blue coloration that is extractable into chloroform.

Using gas chromatography, the limit of detection of THC in blood is 0. Tinctures of cannabis ethanolic extracts were once common, but were removed from pharmacopoeias many years ago. It is indicated for multiple sclerosis, certain types of pain and other neurological conditions.

An extract of cannabis Sativex has been licensed in Canada. Cannabis: responses miniguide October European Responses Guide October THC attaches to these receptors and activates them and affects a person's memory, pleasure, movements, thinking, concentration, coordination, and sensory and time perception, according to NIDA. THC is one of many compounds found in the resin secreted by glands of the marijuana plant.

More of these glands are found around the reproductive organs of the plant than on any other area of the plant. Other compounds unique to marijuana, called cannabinoids, are present in this resin.

It also interferes with how information is processed in the hippocampus, which is part of the brain responsible for forming new memories. THC can induce hallucinations, change thinking and cause delusions. On average, the effects last about two hours, and kick in 10 to 30 minutes after ingestion. Psychomotor impairment may continue after the perceived high has stopped, however. Fabrizio, a marijuana chemistry expert at Terra Tech Corp, a California agricultural company focused on local farming and medical cannabis.

However, he said, a study in the British Journal of Pharmacology found that other types of cannabinoids, as well as terpenes compounds that produce flavor and fragrance in plants , can modulate and reduce negative effects. The effects of marijuana make it a popular drug. In fact, it is considered one of the most commonly used illicit drugs in the world. These effects depend very much upon the expectations and mood of the user, the quantity taken, and the possible presence of other drugs such as alcohol in the body.

Generally people experience a pleasurable state of relaxation, with heightened sensory experiences of taste, sound and colour. Repeated experiments have failed to show any short term dangers, although it hasn't been proven to be 'safe' in the pharmacological sense either. THC is non-addictive and there are no withdrawal symptoms. However, one of the side-effects of its use is to make the user drowsy, with reduced concentration and short term memory.