Differentiating Bladder cancer from other Diseases. Epidemiology and Demographics. Risk Factors. Natural History, Complications and Prognosis. Diagnostic Study of Choice. History and Symptoms.
Physical Examination. Laboratory Findings. Electrocardiography or Ultrasound. Other Imaging Findings. Other Diagnostic Studies. Medical Therapy. Primary Prevention. Secondary Prevention. Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy. Future or Investigational Therapies.
Case 1. Most recent articles. Most cited articles. Over time, these cells may become cancerous. There are other, less common types of bladder cancer, including sarcoma of the bladder and small cell bladder cancer, among others. Sarcomas of the bladder often begin in the fat or muscle layers of the bladder. Small cell bladder cancer is a rare type of bladder cancer that is likely to spread to other parts of the body.
In addition to its cell type, bladder cancer may be described as noninvasive, non-muscle-invasive, or muscle-invasive. Noninvasive bladder cancer includes noninvasive papillary carcinoma and carcinoma in situ CIS. Noninvasive papillary carcinoma is a growth found on a small section of tissue that is easily removed. This is called stage Ta. CIS is cancer that is found only on or near the surface of the bladder, which is called stage Tis.
See Stages and Grades for more information. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer typically has only grown into the lamina propria and not into muscle, also called stage I. Non-muscle-invasive cancer may also be called superficial cancer, although this term is being used less often because it may incorrectly suggest that the cancer is not serious. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer has grown into the bladder's wall muscle and sometimes into the fatty layers or surrounding tissues or organs outside the bladder.
It is important to note that non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer has the possibility of spreading into the bladder muscle or to other parts of the body. Additionally, all cell types of bladder cancer can spread beyond the bladder to other areas of the body through a process known as metastasis. Bladder cancer also often spreads to the lymph nodes in the pelvis. If it has spread into the liver, bones, lungs, lymph nodes outside the pelvis, or other parts of the body, the cancer is called metastatic disease.
This is described in more detail in Stages and Grades. If you would like more of an introduction, explore this related item. Please note that this link will take you to another section on Cancer. The next section in this guide is Statistics. It helps explain the number of people who are diagnosed with bladder cancer and general survival rates.
Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide. Bladder Cancer: Introduction Approved by the Cancer. If this is the case, another treatment option is having chemotherapeutic agent placed into the bladder, such as BCG, that prevents the recurrence of cancer. If a high grade, non-invasive tumor recurs then treating that tumor as if it were invasive may be the best option.
If the tumor is invasive, invading into the muscle of the bladder, and the patient is otherwise in good health, the best option may be to completely remove the bladder by performing an operation called a radical cystectomy. In addition to removal of the bladder, the surgery entails removal of lymph nodes around the bladder. For the women, removal of a portion of the uterus is not uncommon. Once this is removed, then either a new bladder can be created using intestine or the urine can be diverted through segment of intestine out into the abdomen in a surgery called an ileal conduit.
Although the surgery is big operation, bladder cancers are very aggressive tumors. The surgery typically offers high cure rate, making it worthwhile for most patients. In patients who do have aggressive tumors, chemotherapy before or after surgery, may be an option to increase the chances of cure.
Although, bladder cancer can be aggressive and require aggressive treatment, cure rates for most patients are very high and patients do well with the surgical treatment options that are available. The urologists at the Uro Center in New York are experts in their field, bringing academic and research based innovation to the clinical forefront.
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